非谓语动词(non_finite verbs)4¶
前面我们提到的动词,大部分都是谓语动词系列。他们具备了3大本领,时(时间)、态(状态)、气(语气)。谓语动词在发挥本领时候经常进行变位,所以我们也常常把谓语动词叫作限定性动词(finite verbs),它可能受到主语限制,且具备表达时间和人称的本领。那与之相对的非限定动词(non_finite verbs),即不受限制的动词,其实就是我们常说的非谓语动词。
找找下面那些是非谓语动词。for example: + I like to eat carrots. + I liked eating carrots. + I am a talking rabbit. + The rabbit likes minced carrots.
其中的like liked am likes 受时间主语限制,展现出时间状态和语气本领的动词,是谓语动词。
而to eat eating talking minced 这些没有受到主语限制,不具备三大本领,是非谓语动词。
谓语动词是句子的核心,而非谓语动词只可能出现在剩下的非核心的部分当中。
动词不定式(infinitive)¶
to + 动词原形
- To be or not to be, that is a question.
- 有时候 to 也会省略。You helped me (to) cook the carrot.
一个句子中,只有一个动词可以做谓语,不做其他的句子成分。那么非谓语动词在句子中能做什么成分呢?
动词不定式做句子成分:
- 主语
- To eat a carrot every day is good for rabbits.
- 很明显,这里to eat是动词不定式,在此句子中做主语。当你看到to eat时,你还不能确定是谁?什么时间?他可不是统领主句的谓语动词。你可以想想这句话的谓语动词是谁?
- 在英文表达中常常借助it代替主语,即所谓的形式主语。把To eat a carrot every day放在谓语动词之后,你肯定见过下面这种句型(他其实就是避免了动词不定式做主语时,出现头重脚轻的情况。):
- It is good for rabbit to eat a carrot every day.
- It is good that the rabbit eats a carrot every day.(也相当于带形式主语的主语从句。“从句基本都可以用非谓语动词替换”)
- 宾语
- The rabbit likes to eat a carrots.
- 刚刚提到了it做形式主语,那it可以做形式宾语吗?答案是可以的。原来讲过复杂及物动词,宾语+宾补的:I consider the rabbit smart. 所以有以下句子:
- I consider it important to eat a carrot every day.
- 宾语补语
- The rabbit expected the wolf to eat a carrot.
- 这里的不定式,是补充了the wolf的动作。换句话说,是兔子希望狼发出的动作。
- Carrots make rabbit feel happy.
- see, find, let, watch, have, make... 这些使役动词后面使用动词不定式要省略to。
- The wolf helped the rabbit grow carrots.
- The wolf helped the rabbit (to) grow carrots.
- 有些谓语动词后接动词不定式加不加to区别不大。
- The rabbit expected the wolf to eat a carrot.
- 主语补足语/表语
- The rabbit's dream is to eat every kind of carrot in the world.
- 主系表的结构下,is相当于画等号的感觉。The rabbit's dream == to eat every kind of carrot in the world.
- 也就等于 To eat every kind of carrot in the world is the rabbit's dream.
- The rabbit's dream is to eat every kind of carrot in the world.
- 定语
- The rabbit has a lot of carrots to eat.
- 状语
- 原因
- I was surprised to get a thumbs-up.
- 相当于原因状语从句 I was surprised because I got a thumbs-up.
- 目的
- I will do anything to get a thumbs-up.
- 相当于目的状语从句 I will do anything in order that I get a thumbs-up.
- 结果
- I got enough thumps-up to make another video.
- 相当于结果状语从句 I got enough thumps-up, so that I make another video.
- 原因
也存在高级的不定式,to + 动词原形(“状态”)
"to be eating a carrot"
"to have eaten a carrot"
"to have been eating a carrot"
- The rabbit seemed to be eating a carrot. 这兔子之前似乎在吃一根胡萝卜(的过程中).
- The rabbit will appear to have eaten a carrot.这兔子之后会看起来像是吃过了一根胡萝卜.
这里虽然表达了状态,但是还是不受时间限制。不过这种用法相对少见,这里就不再详细说了。
动名词¶
动词原形+ing。
动名词相当于名词,那么名词在句子中可以做的成分,动名词也可以。
- 主语
- Eating carrots is healthy
- 主语补语/表语
- The rabbit hobby is growing carrots.
- Seeing is believing. 眼见为实
- 定语
- a sleeping pill. 安眠药 做定语。动名词和下面讲的现在分词长的一样,挖个坑。
- 上面 == a pill for sleeping. 这里的是做名词的
- 宾语
- The rabbit likes eating carrots.
- 你可能记得上面说过的 The rabbit likes to eat carrots. 你可能想,那动词不定式和动名词作宾语是不是一样啊?这可不是一回事。有的谓语动词后面接不了动词不定式,如:enjoy... 有的谓语动词后接不定式和动名词含义不一样,如:forget,stop(停下去干,停下干)....
现在分词¶
!!!!!!!现在分词跟现在时间一点关系也没有,而且非谓语动词恰恰没有表示时间的能力。确实是:现在+进行 时态用法是be + 现在分词,但是这并无关系。
-
a talking rabbit. 一只会说话的兔子,而不是一只正在说话的兔子,它是过去说的还是现在说的还是什么时间我们不得而知。
-
做定语
你可能看出来了,现在分词就是在做定语嘛。还记得我们上面讲过的 a sleeping pill吗,那么动名词和现在分词怎么区分?
-
a sleeping(现在分词) rabbit. 一只在睡觉的兔子(没说昨天在睡觉,还是明天在睡觉,不要先入为主带入现在进行时。)它是用来形容兔子的状态,兔子在睡觉
-
a sleeping(动名词) pill. 指药片的性质、功能和用途。
我们平常说的形容词,其实都是现在分词。
-
-
做主语补足语/表语
-
做宾语补足语
- 现在分词做宾补与不定式做宾语补足语有区别,前者往往代表正在,后者代表已经发生。see sb doing. see sb to do.
-
做状语
- 表示时间、条件、结果、原因、让步、目的、方式、伴随情况...
- Hearing the news, the rabbibt became excited. Hearing表示时间
- 相当于时间状语从句 When he heard the news, the rabbit became excited.
- Not knowing what to eat, the rabbit skipped lunch. Not knowing表示原因(因为不知道吃什么,兔子没吃中午饭)
- 相当于原因状语从句 Because he didn't know what to eat, the rabbit skipped lunch.
过去分词¶
同样的,对于过去分词也是不自带时间属性的。
-
做定语
-
The rabbit will eat minced carrot next week. 兔子下周要吃绞碎的胡萝卜。你总不能理解为兔子下周要吃过去绞碎的胡萝卜吧
-
过去分词短语作定语要后置,就是我们所说的后置定语。The carrot cake eaten by the rabbit is delicious.
-
-
做主语补语/表语
- 和现在分词同样,可以做表语。如: interesting interested 这个你应该很熟悉了,就不过多介绍了。
-
做宾语补语
- The rabbit found his carrot stolen.
-
做状语
- Seen from the hill, the carrot field looks beautiful. 从山上看,胡萝卜田很美。
- 他们之间是一种被动关系(山是被看的) 地点状语从句。
- Seeing the carrot field, the rabbit ran towards it. 看到胡萝卜田,兔子朝着它跑去。(兔子主动)
- Born in a rabbit family, the rabit has been growing carrots all his life. 原因状语从句
- Given another chance, the rabbit would go to the wolf's party. 条件状语从句
- 一个高级用法:
- The work finished, the rabbit went home.
- The weather permitting, the rabbit will go out.
- 上述两句话是除去核心的谓语动词外,其他的动词都转化成非谓语动词所形成的简单句。他有一个名字“独立主格”
- 之所以叫独立主格,是因为在以上的句子中,现在分词或者过去分词是句子的状语位置,而非主语位置。挖个坑吧这里,以后填上。
- Seen from the hill, the carrot field looks beautiful. 从山上看,胡萝卜田很美。